In 2026, Africa’s public health efforts remain focused on cholera, measles, and mpox outbreaks, as recent figures reveal shifting but persistent threats across the region.
The Africa CDC’s most recent weekly update noted that 95 public health events classified as moderate or high risk have occurred this year, highlighting persistent strain on monitoring and response capabilities throughout the continent.
Cholera Trends
Cholera continues to be among the most extensive outbreaks. By epidemiological week 15, 15 nations had documented 35,048 infections and 750 fatalities. Lately, trends have varied. Recent weeks saw increases in Burundi, Nigeria, and Angola, suggesting ongoing spread.
Nigeria alone recorded a rise of more than 300 cases in that period. At the same time, several countries, including the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Mozambique, and Somalia, have reported declining case numbers.
Even with these drops, the total impact remains substantial. The DRC and Mozambique contribute roughly 80% of all cases, with the DRC responsible for most deaths. Continued spread is tied to displacement, flooding, and inadequate access to clean water and sanitation, especially in conflict zones.
Measles Outbreak
Measles still drives significant illness and death, with 72,544 cases and 549 fatalities reported in 21 countries this year. The outbreak is heavily localized. The DRC represents about 70% of cases and 95% of deaths, linked to low immunization rates, population movement, and healthcare access gaps.
Mpox and New Developments
Mpox activity has declined significantly compared with 2025, but transmission continues across multiple countries. In epidemiological week 15, 1,016 suspected cases and 157 confirmed cases were reported, with several countries still classified as active.
Recent reports indicate that Madagascar, Kenya, and Guinea made up a large portion of confirmed cases in the prior six weeks. The broader trend suggests a transition from emergency response to more routine management, although surveillance and targeted vaccination campaigns are ongoing.
In addition to known outbreaks, officials are watching new threats. Cameroon has confirmed a pertussis outbreak with 120 suspected cases and limited testing. Early 2026 saw pentavalent vaccine third-dose coverage at just over 54%.
In Burundi, an undiagnosed illness cluster has raised concern. Thirty-eight cases and five deaths have been reported, with a case fatality rate of about 13%. Laboratory testing has ruled out major viral haemorrhagic fevers, and investigations are ongoing.
